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In general ICE is a heat engine and this can be defined as: “ A heat engine is a device which converts the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy” Such thermal energy is used to produce mechanical energy at the output shaft.
1. Comparison of ICE & External combustion engine ECE
ICE
1. High max efficiency 2. Low first cost 3. Absence of large heat exchangers 4. Efficient cooling sys. 5. Effective cycle temperature control 6. Practical in mobile application 7. Exhaust heat energy utilization.
EEC
1. Wide variety of fuel used 2. High staring torque 3. Almost free vibration engine. 4. Practical in a very large power unit 5. Practical in stationary application
The conversion process of the chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy at the output shaft can be explained as follows: 1. Chemical energy of fuel is converted to thermal energy by oxidation with air (O2) in the combustion chamber. 2. Thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine cylinder. 3. High pressure gases expands against the resistance of engine mechanism and linkage. 4. The expansion process (power) forces the engine mechanism to reciprocate (piston) and rotate (crank). 5. Piston reciprocating ups and downs causes the crankshaft to rotate giving the output shaft a rotational torque.Engines can be classified in many different ways, as they have many attributes, whereby making them capable of meeting a variety of needs and requirements.
The followings are the most used methods of engine classification:
There are so many parts that constitute an internal combustion engine, which makes it a very complex system. Whereby, each part must act in a perfect synchronization with the others to make up:
-a well defined machine -a well balanced operation -a well established timing Most IC engines , both SI & CI, operates on either four or two stroke cycle, where: **stroke–is piston travel between the two dead centers **cycle–is a process to be completed once and continue to repeat itself in a constant duration. Therefore 4-stroke cycle requires pistons travel 4 times between top & bottom dead centers ,while the 2-stroke cycle requires pistons travel 2 timesThe main types of cycles to be considered are as follows : • 4-stroke SI engine cycle • 4-stroke CI engine cycle • 2-stroke SI engine cycle • 2-stroke CI engine cycle4-stroke SI engine cycleComprises of four piston stroke to complete one operational cycle through two revolutions of the crankshaft: 1. Induction stroke 2. Compression stroke 3. Power stroke 4. Exhaust stroke4-stroke CI engine cycleThese are similar to 4-stroke SI engine cycle with the following exceptions : 1. Induction -similar to SI except that only air is admitted without fuel. 2. Compression –similar to SI except that only air is compressed, and fuel will be added near the end of this stroke. 3. Power –after combustion, power stroke is similar to SI 4. Exhaust –similar to SIEmissionsFour major emissions produced by IC engines : ** unburnthydrocarbon (HC) due to rich mixture of air/fuel **carbon monoxides (CO) not enough O2 to form CO2 ** nitrogen oxides (NOx) excess O2 and high combustion temperature ** solid particulates carbon particles as black smoke or sootMethods to reduce engine emissions Two methods are generally used to reduce engine emissions and pollution rate : 1. Improve engine and fuel technology to obtain better combustion process. 2. Exhaust after treatment system Using thermal and catalytic converters that promote chemical reaction in the exhaust to convert harmful emission to acceptable forms such as (CO2, H2O ,N2)Discussion1. ICE is a heat engine that covert chemical energy in fuel into mechanical work at the output shaft. 2. Most ICE are reciprocating type, whereby pistons reciprocate back and forth inside the cylinder. 3. Important technological inventions that influence the development of ICE are: **discovery of crud oil resulted in the development of reliable fuel appropriate for ICE use. 4. Two methods for engine emissions reduction: -Engine and fuel modification -Exhaust after treatment system
These are only using to see an effective Success and Achievement.
Master Mind Principle
Definiteness of Purpose
Applied Faith
Pleasing Personality
Going the Extra Mile
Personal Initiative
Self-Discipline
Controlled Attention
Enthusiasm
Imagination
Learning from Adversity and Defeat
Budgeting Time and Money
Positive Mental Attitude
Accurate Thinking
Coopearation
Sound Physical Health
Cosmic Habit-force
Other important words
Critical thinking
Promoting Idea
Ideal goal
knowledge
Skills
Optimistic Direction !
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The more all you have mostly read and thought the more you have gone the best strategic way to lead and promote you to have been waiting for succeeding and developing ourselves. Only theses 17 main points, it will lead and persuade the more effective decision in our lives to be succeeding and achieving, yet you have all read and thought together to make sure knowing of these secret things.
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1.Camels
store water _________ of fat in their humps.
a)with
the form
b)in
the form
c)by
the form
d)form
2.Tears
contain an antiseptic that helps protect our eyes_______ infection.
a)from
bacterial
b)in
bacterial
c)bacterial
d)with
bacterial
3.So
far only two other of your own neighboring planets_________ the solar system
have been visited unmanned spacecraft.
a)by
b)that
they are in
c)in
d)they
are by
4.The
behavior of many volcanoes _______ predict, especially the more explosive
types.
a)are
b)is
c) that
d)being
5._______more
than 2,000 minerals are known, nearly all rocks are formed from seven mineral
groups.
a)Although
b)However
c)Despite
d)Since
6.Alexader
Granham Bell worked with deaf students before _________ the first telephone in
1876.
a)designed
b)was
designed
c)to
design
d)designing
7.An
enzyme works by coming in contact with a particular substance, ________ with
it, and charging it.
a)combine
b)combining
c)it
combines
d)to
combine
8.Foods
of animal origin generally supply greater amounts of iron to the diet
than_______.
a)are
foods of plant origin
b)foods
of plant origins
c)do
foods of plan origin
d)plant
origin foods
9.__________energy
for growth or repair, a plant must carry out photosynthesis.
a)To
obtain
b)It
obtains
c)It
is obtaining
d)Obtaining
10.Nicotine,__________
found in tobacco, is named after the French diploma Jean Nicot.
a)It
is a chemical compound
b)is a chemical compound
c)a
chemical compound
d)chemical
compound is
11.__________the
world’s most successful artificial language.
a)As
Esperanto is
b)That
Esperanto
c)It
is Esperanto
d)Esperanto
12.________food we
eat lacks minerals, then the body can use the stores from its bones for more
urgent needs.
a)As
the
b)If
the
c)The
since
d)Since
13._____________ an
organism to became a fossil.
a)Rarely
b)It
is rare
c)Rare
is
d)It
is rare for
14.Among sea
horses, _________ carries and hatches the eggs in a special breeding pouch.
a)it
is the male which
b)the
male it
c)it
is the male
d)the
male who
15.The thyroid gland, _________,
is located in the neck.
1.where the hormone thyroxine
is produced
2.where produced is the houmone
thyroxine
3.the hormone thyroxine is
produced there
4.at which is produced the
hormone thyroxine
16.According to legend, Besty
Ross was the woman ________ the first American stars and stripes flag.
1.whom she made
2.made
3.who made
4.and she made
17.Pumpkin seeds, ______ protein
and iron, are a popular snack.
1.that
2.provide
3.which
4.which provide
18.The spinal cord is a long,
thick bundle of nerves ___________ from the brain to the lower part of the
back.
that runs
is running
it run
whom it runs
19.The pepper plants bears a
small green berry _______ red as it ripens.
1)which
2)turns
3)it turns
4)that it turns
20.Paper is made from cellulose
fibers, ____________ in all cells.
1)are
2)which are
3)they are
4)which they are
21.Pumpkin seeds, __________
protein and iron, are a popular snack.
1)that
2)provide
3)which
4)which provide
22.__________laser beam can be moved easily in all directions, it can
be used for highly accurate cutting in industry.
1)Because of
2)It is a
3)A
4)As a
23.After Macro _______ his
degree, he plans to seek employment in an engineering firm.
1)will finish
2)will have finished
3)fishes
4)is finishing
24.By the time Cotte leaves work
today, the _________the budget report.
1)will finish
2)will have finished
3)has finished
4)finishes
25._________ Herman Melville is
now regarded as one of American’s finest writers, his greatest workers
mystified readers in his own lifetime.
1)It is despite
2)Despite
3)Even though
4)In spite of
26._________ unknown quantities is the task of
algebra.
A. To found
B. Find
C. The find D. Finding
27.Hydrocarbons, __________ by engine exhausts,
react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form complex toxic
gases.
A. are given off
B. given off
C. give off D. they are given off
The
best answer is letter B because in clause deduction we eliminate auxiliary verb
and relative pronouns.
28.Its real form is the Cellulose,
which .............for making paper, can be found in all plants.
A. is used
B. uses
C. are used D.is using at
Hydrocarbons, which are given off by engine
29.............is a poison when ingested above trace amount.
A. It is lead
B. Lead
C. The lead
D. That lead
30.Hubble's law states that the greater the distance
between any two galaxies,.............. is their relative speed of separation.
A. the greatest
B. the greate
C. greater than D. as great as
31.Upon hatching,............
A. young ducks know how to swim
B. swimming is known by young ducks
C. the knowledge of swimming is in young ducks D. how to swim is known by ducks.
32.Not only..............in the field of psychology but
animal behavior is examined as well.
A. human behavior is studied
B. is human behavior studied
C. is studied human behavior D. human behavior.
.
33.Each students
studies hard today because...........will be taking the exam on Monday next
week.
A. he/she
B. they
C. it D. all of them.
34.Neither my classmates nor my teacher asked me to
help ..........
A. him
B. them
C. it D. all of you.
35.Justice Sandra Day O'Connor was.............to serve
on the US Supreme Court.
A. the woman who first
B. the first woman
C. who the first woman D. the first and a woman
36..................reptiles hunt at temperatures of
12° C or below.
A. Seldom do
B. Do seldom
C. Do D. Seldom
37.Animals.............on Earth for at least 700
million years.
A. living
B. lived
C. have lived D. have been lived
38.Canada does not require that US citizens obtain passports
to enter the country, and............... .
A. Mexico does either
B. Mexico doesn't either
C. neither Mexico does D. either does Mexico
39. After the first World War, the author Anais
Nin became interested in the art movement known as Surrealism and in
psychoanalysis, both_________ her novels and short stories .
A.in which the
influence
B.of which
influence
C.to have
influence
D.its influence
40.According to the
third law of thermodynamics, ________ possible is – 273 degrees centigrade.
A.that temperature
is lowest
B.the temperature
is lowest
C.lowest
temperature
D.the lowest
temperature
Is prepared by K.Visal at International Foreign Language & Student Development Institute
